End of 'glasnost'
For several years NPR seemed to be on the verge of opening the door to reality, on the verge of becoming a neutral news organization. They were occasionally able to give all sides of important issues, able to respect religious people, and once in a while even allowed an actual fact to leak through.

Something happened about six months ago that closed the door firmly. Since then NPR has returned to pure Stalinist-Satanist propaganda, on the same crude harsh brutal level as cable TV. Fags are good, banksters are wonderful, commies are angelic, civilization is bad, religion is evil, "Global Warming" causes everything.

One piece this morning seals the door shut with a resounding clang. A heartfelt overmodulated celebration of Julius and Ethel Rosenberg as unjustly accused "victims", with no quarter given to facts. Radio Moscow circa 1965 would be proud.


Too bad. I was supporting NPR for a couple years, but now I can hardly bear to listen.

= = = = =

... And this evening they're doubling down on genocide, letting Comrade Bill McKibben destroy what little remains of science.


= = = = =

Couple weeks later: I halfway retract the harshness. The change isn't permanent; it's solely dependent on who's in charge. More precisely, it depends on Scott Simon. When Simon is in charge of the weekends, we get rationality, good hard questions, and neutral coverage. He was absent for a few weeks and the commie bullbitches took over. Now that he's back, rationality is back on the weekend broadcasts.
  ¶ 6:58 AM

  Puzzling Gove
Gove, the Brit minister for education, is a puzzle. He has taken some purely miraculous steps in the cultural realm, restoring the authority teachers had in earlier times before the "human rights" satans smashed western civilization. If lower-level educrats don't obstruct these disciplinary reforms, Brit schools can be the centerpiece of a resurrected civilization.

But in the realm of learning, Gove appears to have some bad ideas.

Gove argues that "memorisation is a necessary precondition of understanding". He says: "Only when facts and concepts are committed securely to the working memory, so that it is no effort to recall them and no effort is required to work things out from first principles, do we really have a secure hold on knowledge.

"Memorising scales, or times tables, or verse, so that we can play, recall or recite automatically gives us this mental equipment to perform more advanced functions and display greater creativity.

"And the best way to build memory, as Willingham explains, is by the investment of thought and effort – such as the thought and effort we require for exam preparation and testing."

The first part is wrong. Memorizing is NOT the necessary platform for clear thinking. Clear observation is the prerequisite for clear thinking. Facts are things you can acquire later in life, after you are able to think clearly enough to distinguish sense from nonsense.

Observe the world first, learn to make conclusions and prove conclusions from your observations. After you master those skills, you'll be prepared to examine facts with a trained bullshit detector. You won't simply absorb what your television throws at you.

Facts are unquestionably needed for some disciplines, but primary school is not the proper time to acquire them. By the time you start work, the facts you picked up in primary school will be obsolete, disproved or forgotten.

The second part is uncontroversial. Just good standard teaching practice. If you need to master rote facts, time on task is the key. Use the facts in various contexts, run them through your voice and hands repeatedly. Muscle memory.

= = = = =

Utterly irrelevant sidenote: I probably have an odd reaction to Gove because he looks EXACTLY like the actor in local commercials for Northern Quest Casino. Those commercials pop up every time I try to watch local news videos online, so the actor's face is thoroughly familiar. When I see a picture of Gove, I can't help thinking "Hey! He just finished getting drunk and blowing all his savings at the Casino! What's he doing in England?"

Labels: Experiential education, Heimatkunde

  ¶ 3:53 AM

  From TB to TV
I've been hearing promos for the movie celebrating the evil life of mass-murdering psychopath Lincoln. Leaving aside the whole question of why we celebrate a sadistic devil who burned down half the country to maximize the profits of his railroad-trust masters, the most irritating thing about the promo itself is the voice that Daniel Day-Lewis uses.

DDL claims to have done lots of research on voices. Nope. If he did, he reached a completely invalid conclusion.

We don't have phonograph records of Lincoln, but we have numerous recordings of politicians near his generation. None of them talk in glottal fry. All of them speak publicly in a high tense nasal voice with plenty of 'music' and vibrato. It sounds strange, even Hindoo, to modern ears; but it was developed through long experience as the only way to penetrate a crowd before the invention of microphones and amplifiers.

Listen to Jennings Bryan, born in Illinois in 1860. Or Alben Barkley, born in Kentucky in 1877. Both close to Lincoln in generation and dialect.

NO PRESIDENT BEFORE BILL CLINTON SPOKE IN GLOTTAL FRY. In fact, no American male outside a TB sanitarium spoke in that register until roughly 1960. Glottal fry is a product of radio and TV. It's an intimate register, developed by pot-smokers and advanced by radio announcers who were able to 'kiss the microphone' while speaking. You cannot penetrate a crowd or even a room with glottal fry.


= = = = =

Sidenote: Hindoo males speak in an annoying singsong alto voice for the same reason that old politicians did. In India this high voice is the mark of the upper castes, and they use it to penetrate the supposedly dull ears of the slave castes. Since they always use the squeal of command when talking to us Americans, we know what they think of us. We are the untouchables, they are the Brahmins.
  ¶ 6:14 AM

  Don't they read their own shit?
Jesus H. Fucking Christ. Don't these fucking motherfuckers even read their own fucking shit?

News: Fucking ships rerouted to protect fucking whales.

One fucking sentence from the fucking article:

"It's a common-sense proposal based on good science.".

Then two fucking paragraphs down:

"Scientists know that ship strikes happen regularly but remain uncertain whether they are hampering the recovery of blue whales, which were hunted to near extinction."

In other fucking words, the fucking Japs are responsible for this, but we can't punish the fucking Japs because they are Holy and Angelic. So we punish every fucking one else.

The whole fucking idiocy forgets that whales are hugely intelligent animals who can detect ships by sonar, and who can swim faster than ships. If whales are actually found in ship channels (which seems to be more assumption than fact!) there must be a reason why they like to be there. Perhaps they eat plankton that leaks from the ballast, perhaps they simply find the ships interesting. If you reroute the ships, how do you know the whales won't follow?
  ¶ 3:38 AM

  Why the west is doomed
Headline from Australia:

Spies want immunity for terror training

AUSTRALIAN spies are demanding legal immunity to infiltrate and train with terrorist groups such as al-Qaeda. The Attorney-General's Department wants to authorise ASIO agents and informants to provide training to, or be trained by, terrorists in covert missions. Agents now risk criminal prosecution for "associating covertly with targets" even if they are collecting intelligence.

Would be a good change, if it happens. Doesn't sound like Satan's Boss Gillard will go along with it.

Absolutely disgusting that spies have to beg for the authority to be spies. It's like carpenters begging for the authority to use hammers and saws.

One of the few areas where America has preserved a slight bit of sanity. We got past the "Gentlemen don't read other gentlemen's mail" syndrome a long time ago.
  ¶ 5:15 AM

  Euclid?
Polistra likes the new Weather.com technique of naming significant winter storms. More distinct than "The Blizzard of 1988", and much less annoying than calling every big storm Snowpocalypse.

This year's pattern is clear: classical Roman and Greek stuff.

The first four names were excellent. Athena, Brutus, Caesar, Draco. Fearsome-sounding gods and emperors. Storms that will stab you in the back! Or invade you! Or cover you with molten lava! Or pop out of your head full-grown!

But EUCLID?


For heavens sake, who's afraid of Euclid? Well, maybe Lobachevsky.

A much scarier E-god would be Enceladus, the bugler of the Titans, with serpent-like legs. Perfect for a storm that produces tornados in the South.
  ¶ 2:37 AM

  Winterheimatkunde
The nesting drive grows strong in winter. As I walked this morning through gray air with a few snowflakes, I noted woodsmoke from chimneys and lights in windows. Though the technology changes over the years, those two markers of specifically human homes remain constant. The hearth and the lamp.


More from Richard Elwood Dodge's 1903 Home Geography:

Every child who goes to school spends his days partly in school, partly in playing or working, and partly at home. At home he eats, sleeps, perhaps plays with his brothers and sisters, and gets the clothes that keep him warm and dry. ...

People are not the only dwellers in homes, however, for the small birds and the wild animals have homes, but they do not always live in the same home all year.

Every country boy knows the homes of certain birds. He has probably watched them build the homes and seen the way they live and the way the old birds feed the young birds and teach them to fly. ...

No matter where we go, we shall find people living in homes. So, if we can find out why we live in homes, and what we do there, we will be better able to understand other people who do many things that seem strange to us now, but who are busy earning a living in different ways.

An old deserted farmhouse, such as one often sees in the country, is not a home. Neither is an empty city house or a vacant apartment a home. But they would become homes if somebody moved into them.

People are, therefore, a necessary part of every home, and a house is only a place for a family to live in and to make into a home.

Note the emphasis on human presence, and the calibration to human scale. The rest of the book has the same focus. All is defined by the connections and relations between you and the rest of the universe. All verbs, no nouns. All about how you respond to the world and influence the world, nothing about raw facts.

We need to teach everything this way.

= = = = =

Wonder if bees feel the same longing, the same inward pull toward the nest, when they sense the bee equivalent of hearth and lamp? [Would those equivalents be Hexagon shapes and Larva smell?]


Artistic sidenote: I was going to use the iconic dome-shaped beehive in this picture, but a little googling convinced me that American and Euro bees don't build their hives in that form. Their hives are generally built into and around a hole in a tree. Using a realistic nest in the same image with toonish bees and toonish trees probably violates art rules... but I respect bees and want to give them a proper home in my picture.

= = = = =

[Posted this a few weeks ago; decided it deserved to be a year-end or Xmas item, so moved it to this date.]

Labels: bee

  ¶ 8:18 AM

  The interview question
And now the interview question, where the brainpower and education of each contestant is revealed and tested.

Miss South Carolina?

"I personally believe that US Americans are unable to do so because salmas people out there in our nation don't have that, and I believe that our education link, such as South Africa and Diraq, everywhere like such as, and I believe that they should, our education over here in the US, should help South Africa, it should help Diraq and the Asian countries."

Miss Vatican City?

"The Truth, which is in the bosom of the Father has sprung out of the earth, to be in the womb of a mother too. The Truth which rules the whole world has sprung out of the earth, to be held in the arms of a woman. The Truth which heaven cannot contain has sprung out of the earth, to be laid in a manger. For whose benefit did so lofty a God become so lowly? Certainly not for his own, but for our great benefit, if we believe. I express my hope that, in fulfilling this task, they will esteem the contribution of the religions, in respect for each, in such a way that they can help to build a fraternal society for the benefit of that noble People and of the whole world."

Judges, cast your votes.

Well, we have a unanimous vote of -99999 for both contestants. Neither one makes a lick of fucking sense. So we pick Miss South Carolina by default, because at least she seems to be alive.
  ¶ 5:15 AM

  Unoriginal cheese
Tillamook Cheese of Oregon sponsored two cooking shows in very different eras and styles. We have only one representative of each era online.

The first is a solitary leftover of a radio series in the late '40s. Following a pattern set by national food companies like Pet Milk, this was a sort of soap opera [milk opera?] with built-in recipes. Judging by this one episode, it was a good soap opera. Good writing, good acting, good mix of emotions.

The second is a straightforward TV show produced this year, featuring a chef who is an appealing character and a good entertainer and teacher. Also seems to be the single online representative of a series, though I can't tell for sure.

What do these two isolated Tillamook shows have in common?

Potato salad. The 1946 radio show is hot potato salad, the 2012 TV show is cold potato salad.
  ¶ 3:39 AM

  Hooray for Egypt! (yet again...)


Polistra and friends salute Egypt again as the new constitution is decisively approved in a second round of voting. Something like 70%. There's no doubt now that the new government HAS THE CONSENT OF THE PEOPLE OF EGYPT. And that's exactly what any government needs. Not the consent of SOME OTHER FUCKING COUNTRY, but the consent of THE COUNTRY GOVERNED BY THE GOVERNMENT.

Of course the new Egyptian setup doesn't have the consent of Israel, or Israeli collaborators in the West. Even an honest 100% result wouldn't satisfy them. Egypt is no longer subservient to Israel, and that's intolerable and unacceptable to Israel's little fagass sissybitches in DC. It's going to be All Options On The Table and it's going to be Reliable Intelligence Sources Find WMD In Egypt and it's going to be Invade! Invade! Invade! Occupy for a hundred years! A thousand years! A quadrillion years! Until the sun fades to a Red Dwarf! Pardon me, I mean a Progressive Little Person! Whatever it takes! Whatever it takes! Whatever it takes! Onward to total ... um.... something or other!!!!!

Fuck. I am fucking ashamed of this fucking country. And I am especially fucking ashamed that I went along with this neocon ratshit for so many years. Shame on me.
  ¶ 5:43 PM

  Language oddity: Nonims


Professor Polistra, short on modern words, has come across a highly peculiar old word in some 1860's texts about electricity and telegraphy. In a discussion of using a bridge setup for measurement, this little word is used casually.




The author uses it twice, so it's not a typo. It's clearly treated as a singular like lens, but what could it mean? Etymology doesn't offer any obvious clues. Shortened from anonymous? Unlikely. Not an acronym; writers back then didn't do acronyms. Almost sounds like a nickname or endearing name for some little trifling thing. Snookums, sweetums, nonims. Google doesn't give any references at all outside this one book.

In other words, a total puzzle!


In the accompanying diagram, this pointer might be the nonims, but it's not labeled as such.

Sidenote: The diagram shows clearly why Wheatstone's differential measurement apparatus was called a bridge! You can almost see trains and horses rumbling across the scale. I'd always wondered about the terminology, because there's no bridgey-ness in the schematic, or in the more modern box-type bridge circuits.

= = = = =

Update Mar 2013: Found the answer. The book above contained a misreading of handwritten manuscript. It should have been NONIUS, not NONIMS. Here's a passage from the 1816 Encyclopedia Perthensis that makes it all clear:



Transcribed: "NONIUS, the name which was not many years ago given to the common device for subdividing the arcs of quadrants and other astronomical instruments, from the persuasion that it was invented by Nonius or Nunez. But the generality of astronomers of the present age, transferring the honour of the invention from Nunez to Peter Vernier ... have called this method of division by his name."

Vernier is a perfectly familiar term, though I suspect it's nearly obsolete now. Old electronic measuring instruments, or the cylinder of a micrometer, use a vernier scale to add more precision without adding an extra geared-down dial. In later use on electronic equipment, the term came to mean a dial with an extra geared-down knob, especially a nice smooth one .... thus inverting the original purpose! The word itself probably contributed to this inversion. Say verniiiiieeeerrrr and you can just feel that flywheel spinning you smoothly across the bands to reach Havana or Lisbon.

Labels: Language update

  ¶ 4:54 AM

  Heat and volts


Polistra demonstrates an invention from Morse's era. Seems like an idea that could be brought back. Moses Farmer's thermo-electric battery dates from the 1860's. It was basically a layer-cake of copper-nickel alloy ("german silver") and zinc-antimony alloy, with insulating layers of mica. The layers were hollow in the center, allowing a chimney to heat every layer evenly. When heated by coal or methane, it generated a significant amount of power: enough to run a small silver-plating plant, according to contemporary writeups.

Doesn't seem to be the usual millivolt-making thermocouple. It's more like a wet cell in its chemistry.

Could be useful in situations where heat is already present, as co-generation. With propane, it could be an emergency source of both heat and electricity. Might work with a solar boiler to provide steady power?

= = = = =

Artistic note for Poser types: The digital model (and the bulb and lots of other stuff) are on my ShareCG page.
  ¶ 1:57 PM

  Sleeping through Maya


It's 3:30 AM PST, or 11:30 AM GMT. Supposedly the Mayan End-Of-All-Things was going to happen 15 minutes ago, and we're still here. Still bad weather in some places and good weather in others. Still bad people in some places and good people in others. Still good old Earth, held together by an unimaginably complex web of living things.... and we're just beginning to look at those living things. Biological understanding was interrupted for two centuries by the idiot Laplace assumption: We don't need to hypothesize a god or an overall intelligence. Finally the actual fucking evidence is starting to overcome this species of idiocy.

Understanding is still squashed by other massively powerful idiot anti-life assumptions, such as the Gaian Carbon Cult, economics and 'social sciences'.

Polistra hopes and prays that the new-found intelligence assumption from biology will spread to other areas of human endeavor, starting a new cycle of understanding... which is what the Mayans actually predicted.

Labels: Grand Blueprint, Heimatkunde, Smarty-plants

  ¶ 3:54 AM

  Can't be funny, McGee
Still wandering through old telegraph material and Wheatstone's wonderful experiments, and my mind is thoroughly involved in those subjects.

When I cooked my usual tomato-ey stuff this afternoon, I absent-mindedly started with too much water, so I had to leave a few spoonfuls in the bowl to avoid getting overfull. For some reason this led to a Fibber and Molly pun, and then to another thought. The pun wasn't worth writing here, but the next thought may be worth writing.

Next thought: In all the centuries we've been writing and printing and typing, we've never developed a way to represent real dialog on paper or screen. Far as I can tell, nobody has even tried! For instance, there's no visual way to show the interrupts and overlaps that make Fibber and Molly funny.

Interrupts and overlaps are easy for our ears to handle. We do it all the time. And we do it equally well with music or Morse code; an experienced operator can distinguish two simultaneous senders if they have distinct styles or if their carriers have different BFO notes. But we can't do it visually.

Technically speaking, interrupts and overlaps could be shown in hand writing or in photo-processed printing, but not in hot lead type or in conventional computer displays. An illuminated manuscript could do it, and an offset-style printing press could do it, and PhotoShop can do it:



Does it work? I doubt it.
  ¶ 5:22 PM

  Puzzling... no, not so much
Time mag has named Obama as Man of the Year again. Seems odd, considering all the dramatic choices available this year.

I tried to look at Obama's 2012 performance from various leftist perspectives, and didn't find much to cheer.

Envirowacko? Nope, he's allowed huge development in oil and gas drilling.

Peacenik? Nope, he hasn't closed Guantanamo, hasn't stopped rendition, and has continued the "illegal" drone strikes and wiretaps.

Occupy? Nope, Obama is still paying the banksters to commit crimes. No penalties, no regulations. [I'm with the leftists on this issue, so I don't have to stretch my imagination here.]

Fags? Aha. There it is. Within this year, Obama has "evolved" on the question of Journalist Marriage. He's now firmly in favor of journalists getting a marriage license.
  ¶ 5:22 AM

  How crazy can you get?
Couple of events this week illustrate how thoroughly the old Constitution has turned into a quaint museum piece.

(1) Soviet Agent Inouye finally died. He played a major part in the 1974 Soviet coup d'etat against Nixon, but otherwise accomplished nothing. After his death we found out that he had been 'President pro tem' of the Senate, a double-meaningless office. The old museum-piece Constitution makes the VP head of the Senate, with specific duties, but allows the Senate to pick a substitute for those rare times when the bucket of spit has something else to do. The Senate, a Satanic crime syndicate with vastly less honor and morality than Italian or Russian mafias, gets sadistic pleasure from creating multi-layered hypersuperultraviolations of every possible written and unwritten law in the known Universe and beyond. It wasn't enough to have a substitute; they had to substitute for the substitute. So the PPT never actually supervises the Senate, and the VP only appears once a year for a cocktail party. Despite that, the PPT is still allegedly in the line of succession. Soviet Agent Inouye could in theory have become President, though I'm sure the Senate would find a 500-layered 500-times-illegal workaround for that as well.

Well, at any rate one more Soviet is dead. The only good red is a dead red.

(2) The actual Electors, whose names we don't even know, "voted" this week in order to complete the "election" of the president. The Electoral College system is still highly active because it helps the Satanic oligarchs to guarantee a preplanned succession without the uncertainty of a real election. But the Electors in person are just as superfluous as the PPT.

Universal rule: Any part of the Constitution that would help the country succeed is routinely violated and replaced by its opposite. Any part of the Constitution that helps to destroy America is carefully and diligently enforced.

= = = = =

Meanwhile in Egypt, Morsi holds an ACTUAL REFERENDUM on a new Constitution. The PEOPLE OF EGYPT actually had the privilege of voting DIRECTLY on the new document, and so far it appears that they approve.

The PEOPLE OF AMERICA have NEVER been able to vote on a referendum on any subject at all. NEVER. NEVER. NEVER. NOT FUCKING ONCE.

Our grotesque pea-brained wacko rulers and our Satanic media call Soviet Agent Inouye a hero, and call Morsi a tyrannical dictator, and call the referendum a "power grab".

Nuff said.
  ¶ 1:54 AM

  Ground wind
Yesterday's windstorm was especially strong down at ground level. Flattened every political yard sign, and all those six-inch 'stake' signs advertising lawn services. I don't remember seeing that before, though it's possible that I wasn't looking very closely in previous years. Wind also carved out a turbulent-looking pattern in snow cover on grass.

All yards look like this:



On the positive side, the wind cleared freezing fog from the air and streets after a week of slippery smelly smog. Good walking weather today.

Labels: Heimatkunde

  ¶ 9:56 AM

  Avoid new Piltdowns?
Listening to a BBC feature on Piltdown Man and how he fooled the "scientists" for so long.

Obvious analogy: Piltdown Climate. The warming hoax, perpetrated by Soviet agents in 1974, now infecting ALL the powers of the world. From 1990 to 2009, ALL governments and churches and schools and "scientists" and corporations firmly believed the hoax, and enthusiastically wasted trillions of dollars and killed thousands of people to advance the hoax. Since 2009 a few governments have slowed the waste and killing, but they still haven't squashed the hoax. All the other powers are still roaring ahead madly toward total genocide.

If anyone is left after the slaughter, how should we prevent this from happening in the future?

Obvious answer: Run all science like engineering. There are no hoaxes in engineering. Nobody ever spreads an intentionally wrong theory about beam fracture or the compressional strength of brick.

How do we make that happen? Instead of the utterly corrupt Pal Review system, we must require every bit of paid science to have concrete results. If your idea leads DIRECTLY to BUILDING OR IMPROVING** A PHYSICAL SYSTEM, we'll think about supporting it. If you have nothing but numbers and COMPUTER MODELS, no pay. And I do mean PHYSICAL, not VIRTUAL.

If your idea cannot be turned into a PHYSICAL SYSTEM, or cannot 'cure' or 'repair' a PHYSICAL SYSTEM, you're just writing a novel. You're not doing science. Novels are fine, but governments don't pay for novels, and decent governments don't kill people in the name of novels. (Unfortunately, indecent governments have killed or ruined plenty in the name of 'Das Kapital' and 'Atlas Shrugged'.)

= = = = =

**Footnote on IMPROVING: I'm making analogy with medicine for "sciences" that claim to work with humans, like psychiatry and economics. Nearly all of the theories and methods in social "sciences" are wacked-out crazy and ferociously murderously destructive. This doesn't happen in real medical research. A drug or surgery that doesn't improve lives doesn't last long. We must use the same test on therapies, drugs, theories and systems in the social "sciences". Double-blind clinical trial first, then we think about paying for the work.

Labels: Carbon Cult

  ¶ 3:54 AM

  Sometimes superstition works, Horatio
We're in a spell of serious weather lately. Snow, freezing rain, and today a big windstorm. Power went out at 8:30 AM. I heard a transformer pop, so I suspected it would take a while to restore. Got out the battery radio and candles, laid down and bundled up to avoid chills. When nap was over, power was still out and I was getting hungry. Pulled out the propane stove, hooked up the gas bottle,

and got ready to strike the flint.... Just then the power came back.

Sometimes superstition works, if you don't count on it and don't expect it to work.

I've always been prone to overlogication and overexplication. When I got into one of those theoretical moods, my father would quote Shakespeare: "There are more things in heaven and earth, Horatio, than are dreamt of in your philosophy."

As always, he was right. Over the years I've learned to respect intuition and superstition far more than theory... provided the intuition and superstition are based on experience, not just hearsay like the "official" black cat, ladder and 13 stuff.
  ¶ 2:24 PM

  Before Morse 2
Following on this account of the Wheatstone five-needle telegraph.

After the first generation of simple compass-based telegraphs, the next wave was dial systems. Probably the most successful of this species was made by Breguet in France.


These devices look and act a lot like fine clocks, perhaps because Breguet was [and still is!] a fine clockmaker. In this setup, the frontmost gadget with the handle is the sender; the upper middle thing with the clock dial is the receiver; and the two things on the sides are bells and annunciators. Apparently each operator would leave a main switch connected to the bells most of the time. When a sender wanted to catch the attention of all other stations, he would turn the crank in a full circle, thus applying 26 dings to the appropriate bell at each station. The receiver would have one bell box for each station in the network; he'd see the annunciator in the appropriate box and connect his sender and receiver to that party.

Unlike Wheatstone's bilateral polarity and five-wire parallel data transfer, the Breguet uses nothing but a stream of pulses on a single wire.


There is no code as such, no distinction between dots and dashes, no unique count for each letter.


You simply rotate the dial clockwise until you reach the desired letter; then stop long enough for the recipient to notice the letter; then rotate clockwise until you reach the next desired letter.

The cross symbol at the top would presumably represent a space. (However, it might have been a sort of 'shift' indicator to change from letters to numbers and back. In that case a space might have been simply a longer pause...?)


The receiver rotates along with the sender, turn for turn and pause for pause. It has a matching dial, powered by a mainspring and ticked by the pulses from the sender. The hole in front is for winding; the button on top resets the dial to the 'cross' or space position at end of one session so the next message can begin from a consistent position.

Happystar sends a vaguely Christmassy message to show how the pulses are formed. A wiggly cam on the crank causes a switch to make and break contact, once for each letter on the way around. Each pulse goes down the wire to the receiver, where an electromagnet pulls an escapement, letting the receiving dial move one letter forward.



Clear advantage of Breguet: First, it only needs one wire and one polarity. Second, you don't need any skill. Just turn the crank clockwise, pausing at each letter or space you want to send. No need to learn any code, no need to trace the lines on the diamond. This would have been beautifully suited for a household telegraph system.

Clear disadvantage: Slower than the instant-action needle systems, but probably not much slower than a careful Morse sender.

= = = = =

Artistic note for Poser types: I've released this set on my ShareCG page, along with the Wheatstone and Gray Telautograph sets.

= = = = =

Much later footnote: The Wheatstone needle and the Breguet faded out as commercial telegraphs, but they didn't die. Both became integral parts of railroad signaling systems.

Labels: Morsenet of Things

  ¶ 1:52 PM